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The African continent is one of the strongest aerosol sources worldwide and the Amazon is located ‘downwind’ in the Atlantic trade wind circulation 24. This picture becomes even more complicated by the fact that the Amazonian atmosphere is not only influenced by fires in the Amazon forest and nearby biomes, but also to a large degree by the transatlantic transport of smoke, dust, and other emissions from Africa 20, 21, 22, 23. Because of its major atmospheric significance, the properties and roles of biomass burning smoke in the Amazon have been investigated intensely 17, 18, 19. This includes, for instance a delay of the precipitation onset in the clouds to higher altitudes, a corresponding suppression of low-level rainout, as well as an invigoration of the updrafts in deep convective clouds 15, 16. The smoke also affects cloud and precipitation formation and, thus, the (re)cycling of water between biosphere and atmosphere 11, 12, 13, 14. This can cause a stabilization of the boundary layer up to an inhibition of shallow convective cloud formation 10. The smoke alters the Earth’s radiative energy budget through absorption and scattering of solar radiation, which leads, for instance, to a surface cooling and a corresponding heating of BC-enriched atmospheric layers above. Under smoky conditions, the concentrations of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the Amazon exceed the natural background by up to two orders of magnitude 7, 8, 9. The emitted smoke comprises organic and inorganic aerosol particles, black carbon (BC), as well as various noxious gases 6. Emblematic for this development and the heavy smoke covering the Amazon basin in the burning season each year is the ‘black rain’ event in August 2019 in São Paulo city, 2500 km away from the fires 4.īiomass burning has been the tool of choice for land clearing and management in agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, and mining in the Amazon 5. Since 2014, however, we have witnessed a trend reversal with again rising deforestation and associated biomass burning across the basin 3. After 2004, a steady decline in deforestation rates and burning activity gave rise to hopes of an end to this development (Supplementary Figs.
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With the inauguration of the Transamazon Highway in 1970, however, the modern era of deforestation began, and the number of fires reached unprecedented levels 2. Human use of fire in the Amazon has been documented as far back as pre-Columbian times 1. African biomass burning affects aerosol cycling over the Amazon